Clinical syndromes in humans caused by infection with Salmonella enterica are divided into typhoid fever, caused by S. enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi, and a range of clinical syndromes, including diarrhoeal disease, caused by the non-typhoid salmonellae (NTS) of which there are around 2,500 serovars. Typhoid fever is a humanrestricted and highly adapted invasive systemic disease of adults and children that shows little association with immunosuppression. In contrast, NTS have a broad vertebrate host range and epidemiology that often involves food animals, at least in industrialised countries where it usually presents as gastroenteritis. Severe, invasive disease due to NTS is usually associated with the immunocompromised state common in HIV-infected adults. Invasive NTS disease is also common in young African children with co-morbidities such as severe anaemia, malnutrition and HIV infection.

Salmonella MonlabTest® provides a rapid detection of Salmonella directly from the fecal samples.

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Entamoeba MonlabTest® 
Es un test rápido inmunocromatográfico para la detección cualitativa de antígenos de Entamoeba en muestras de heces humanas que sirve de ayuda en el diagnóstico de amoebiasis. 

La amebiasis es una infección del tracto humano gastrointestinal debida a Entamoeba histolytica, un protozoo parásito capaz de invadir la mucosa intestinal pudiendo extenderse a otros órganos, principalmente al hígado. Entamoeba dispar, es una ameba morfológicamente similar a E. histolytica que también coloniza el intestino humano, ha sido reconocido recientemente como una especie separada sin potencial invasor. La aceptación de E. dispar como una especie de protozoos distintos pero estrechamente relacionados, ha tenido profundas implicaciones en la epidemiología de amebiasis, ya que la mayoría de las infecciones asintomáticas encontradas en todo el mundo, ahora son atribuidas a esta ameba no invasiva. La amebiasis invasiva debida a E. histolytica es más común en países desarrollados. En áreas de infección endémica, una variedad de condiciones incluyendo el desconocimiento, la pobreza, el hacinamiento, suministros de agua inadecuados y contaminados, y el saneamiento deficiente favorecen la transmisión fecal-oral directa de amebas de una persona a otra. Siendo responsable aproximadamente de 70 mil muertes anualmente, la amebiasis es la cuarta causa principal de muerte debido a una infección por protozoos después de la malaria, la enfermedad de Chagas, y leishmaniasis y la tercera causa de morbilidad en este grupo de organismos después de la malaria y la tricomoniasis, según estimaciones recientes de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Pacientes con disentería tienen una media de 3 a 5 evacuaciones mucosanguíneas por día, con moderado dolor cólico con anterior descarga, y tienen tenesmo rectal. En pacientes con diarrea con sangre, las evacuaciones también son pocas pero las heces están compuestas de materia fecal líquida machada de sangre. Mientras el dolor cólico sea moderado, no hay tenesmo rectal. La fiebre y las manifestaciones sistémicas están generalmente ausentes.

Amoebiasis is the infection of the human gastrointestinal tract by Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite that is capable of invading the intestinal mucosa and may spread to other organs, mainly the liver. Entamoeba dispar, an ameba morphologically similar to E. histolytica that also colonizes the human gut, has been recognized recently as a separate species with no invasive potential. The acceptance of E. dispar as a distinct but closely related protozoan species has had profound implications for the epidemiology of amoebiasis, since most asymptomatic infections found worldwide are now attributed to this noninvasive ameba.

Invasive amoebiasis due to E. histolytica is more common in developing countries. In areas of endemic infection, a variety of conditions including ignorance, poverty, overcrowding, inadequate and contaminated water supplies, and poor sanitation favor direct fecal-oral transmission of amebas from one person to another. Being responsible for approximately 70 thousand deaths annually, amoebiasis is the fourth leading cause of death due to a protozoan infection after malaria, Chagas’ disease, and leishmaniasis and the third cause of morbidity in this organism group after malaria and trichomoniasis, according to recent World Health Organization estimates.

Patients with dysentery have an average of three to five mucosanguineous evacuations per day, with moderate colic pain preceding discharge, and they have rectal tenesmus. In patients with bloody diarrhea, evacuations are also few but the stools are composed of liquid fecal material stained with blood. While there is moderate colic pain, there is no rectal tenesmus. Fever and systemic manifestations are generally absent.

The Entamoeba MonlabTest® is a rapid chromatographic immunoassay for the qualitative detection of Entamoeba antigens in human feces specimens to aid in the diagnosis of amoebiasis.

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Enteroviruses consist of Poliovirus, Coxsakievirus, Echovirus, and numbered Enterovirus. Enteroviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses. Enteroviruses can cause a wide spectrum of diseases in humans. All enteroviruses are transmitted by the fecal-oral route, but clinical outcomes may go beyond gastroenteritis, as some viruses travel from the intestinal tract to other organs. Poliovirus usually infects their host by attacking the central nervous system and cause paralysis in victims (poliomyelitis). Coxsackievirus has been associated with not only respiratory system infections and gastroenteritis but also insulin-dependent diabetes and heart diseases, such as myocarditis and pericarditis. Echovirus is generally less infectious than other enteroviruses and are usually associated with the common cold and respiratory diseases. The numbered enteroviruses (Enterovirus types 68 to 71) have not been studied extensively but have been isolated from patients with bronchiolitis, conjunctivitis, meningitis, and paralysis resembling poliomyelitis.

Enterovirus MonlabTest® provides a rapid detection of Enteroviruses directly from the fecal samples.

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